Impact of service quality on customer satisfaction and customer Dissertation

Effect of administration quality on consumer loyalty and client faithfulness an application on the financial part - Dissertation Example With the intend to assess the effect of administration quality and consumer loyalty on client reliability, three targets were set in Chapter I. In light of a subjective methodology, just optional information has been utilized for this investigation. With client devotion as the needy variable, three autonomous factors †saw esteem, administration quality and client experience have been considered in this examination. The examination finds that specific elements of administration quality straightforwardly sway client faithfulness - unwavering quality, sympathy, responsiveness and confirmation. Staff preparing is in this way of significance in conveying quality preparing to summon such emotions in clients. In the administration economy the connection between administration quality and client experience has increased monstrous significance. Clients base their future choices on the ‘moment of truth’ and thus organizing and planning an encounter has become a significant de vice to increase upper hand in the financial segment. Banks need to comprehend singular client needs and customize administration. Seen esteem improves consumer loyalty and this prompts upgraded client devotion. Clients assess the advantages they get against the costs they pay for such administrations. Hence Perceived an incentive in the financial division freely impacts consumer loyalty prompting client dedication. ... 1.4 Conceptual system 4 1.5 Structure of the Study 6 1.6 Scope of the Study 6 Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Chapter Overview 7 2.2 Definitions 2.2.1 Service Quality 7 2.2.2 Customer Satisfaction and Customer Experience 8 2.2.3 Customer-saw Value 9 2.2.4 Customer Loyalty 10 2.3 Dimensions and impression of administration quality 2.3.1 Dimensions of Service Quality 10 2.3.2 The Gap Model 11 2.3.3 Perceptions of Service Quality 12 2.3.4 Summary 15 2.4 Service Quality and Customer Loyalty 16 2.5 Service Quality and Customer Experience 19 2.6 Perceived Value on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty 22 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Research Philosophy 23 3.2 Research Design 23 3.3 Research Methodology 23 3.4 Choice of Method 24 3.5 Data Collection 25 3.6 Sources of information 25 3.7 Justification for Literature Review 25 3.8 Data Analysis 26 3.9 Ethical Concerns 26 Chapter IV Findings and Discussion 4.1 The Banking Industry 27 4.2 Service Quality and Customer Loyalty 27 4.3 Service Quality and Customer Experience 29 4.4 Perceived Value on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty 31 4.5 Discussion 33 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 36 5.2 Recommendations to improve client dependability 37 5.3 Limitations of the Study 37 5.4 Recommendations for additional exploration 37 5.5 Personal Reflections 39 References 40 Figures Figure I Framework for the Study 5 Figure II Customer Experience and Service Quality 30 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background In a strongly serious business condition, feasible upper hand has gotten basic. The administration business has been compelled to make better approaches for finding upper hand (Chen and Hu, 2012). Holding clients is viewed as more significant than making new clients. Holding existing

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Contention - Essay Example The occurrence occurred between the long stretches of January to October 2006. As ahead of schedule as January 2006, my cousin disclosed to me that she is getting hitched in October 25 of that year. Thus, my closest companion and I intended to visit my cousin for her wedding festivity. I was truly anticipating meet my cousin just because beside the way that it will be the first occasion when I will have the option to go to Florida. Consequently, I wound up going through at any rate 12-hour move at work to set aside cash for my convenience, food, and travel costs. Much the same as me, my closest companion was additionally anxious to go along with me in this event. My closest companion and I should leave town seven days before my cousin’s wedding day. I was awfully frustrated when my closest companion disclosed to me that she abruptly altered her perspective on going to Florida since her pooch was wiped out. As a result of my failure, I wound up denouncing her for being outlandish for not going with me on account of a pooch. I was extremely furious at her for breaking our arrangements. I for one accept that it is impolite to break something that you have submitted yourself into. I feel that my best friend’s hound is a higher priority than I am. I am her closest companion. I just couldn’t accept that she is organizing her pooch over me. Isn’t she expected to organize me over a profoundly trained creature? Due to my resentment, I didn't try to address her for over seven days. A portion of our regular companions saw the separation among me and my closest companion. Thus, our regular companions chose to fix things up among me and my closest companion. Seven days after the wedding festivity, my closest companion and I wound up talking over some espresso. She revealed to me that she truly felt awful for breaking our arrangement to go to Florida. She clarified that the genuine motivation behind why she was unable to go is on the grounds that she was bashful to reveal to me that she couldn't think of enough

What to Read Before and After Surgery

What to Read Before and After Surgery Surgery can bring out a lot of emotions in both the patient and their loved ones. Between anxiety and fear before surgery, pain and exhaustion following surgery, and frustration and boredom during the recovery process, it’s an incredibly stressful experience. While your body heals, some comfort reading might be just what you need to soothe your mind and spirit. These suggestions of what to read before and after surgery may come in handy if you’re preparing to go under the knife, or if you’re trying to find the perfect gift for a loved one. I recently had surgery to repair a broken ankle, and it’s been a long and grueling process. When told I wouldn’t be able to put any weight on my leg for three months after surgery, I tried to find a bright side. Months on the couch means plenty of time for reading, right? Wrong. I’ve actually fallen behind in my reading since I broke my ankle, even though I’ve had nothing but free time. Between the pain, anxiety about surgery, and decreased attention span from the pain medication, it’s been hard to keep up my usual reading pace. But I’ve figured out what can keep my attention and provide me some comfort. Now, I’m here to share some ideas for any other readers looking at a long recovery process. What to Read Before Surgery I had a week and a half between the time I broke my ankle and the surgery to repair it. During that time, I was on pain medication that made it really hard for me to focus on reading. I was also stressed about the surgery and what my life would look like afterwards. So the best books for this period were fast paced, easy to absorb, and great at world building. Avoid anything focused on the health care industry or the ways things can go wrong. Science Fiction and Fantasy Books that can take your mind to a world far from your pain and stress are a must. Look for science fiction and fantasy books with great world building and fast-paced action. Just avoid SFF that’s too complex or hard to follow if that’s not usually your thing, as it might lead to some frustration. Binti: The Complete Trilogy by Nnedi Okorafor is a great pick that takes you to another planet with very different problems from your own. Binti is a young woman with a talent for math and for “harmonizing,” or negotiating peace. She’s selected to attend a prestigious university on another planet, but before her ship arrives, it’s invaded by an alien species that kills everyone on boardâ€"except her. Another great option is reading short story collections, especially if you’re having trouble focusing. Shorter story arcs might be easier to complete, and if one isn’t capturing your attention, you can simply skip to the next one. A People’s Future of the United States, edited by Victor LaValle and John Joseph Adams, is a great new collection with stories from some of the biggest names in SFF, including N.K. Jemisin, Daniel José Older, Charlie Jane Anders, Justina Ireland, and more. These stories look to a future in the U.S. that is more diverse and inclusive, and they feature some truly badass protagonists pushing back against oppression. Romance When everything in your life (and your body) is stressful and scary, sometimes you need a guaranteed happy ending. That’s why romance novels are a great pick while getting ready for surgery. There may be some bumps in the road, but you know everything will turn out alright. Meet cutes, romantic tropes, and butterflies in the stomach also help create a welcome distraction. Anything by Jasmine Guillory gives me all the romcom vibes I need, like her upcoming book The Wedding Party (July 16, Berkley Books). When two nemeses come together for their mutual best friend’s wedding, they end up having a series of secret sexy rendezvouses. But is their connection more than physical? Retellings of classic novels are another great choice. If you’ve read the book that inspired a retelling, you probably have a pretty good idea of where it’s headed. For example, Ayesha At Last by Uzma Jalaluddin is a modern Muslim retelling of Pride and Prejudice. Ayesha and Khalid have an undeniable connection. But when Khalid’s mother arranges an engagement to Ayesha’s cousin Hafsa, all three must decide between what they believe and what their hearts tell them. Comics and Graphic Novels When you’re low on energy and struggling to focus, comics and graphic novels may provide the change of pace you need. They’re visually engaging and if you’re on pain medication, they may be easier to focus your eyes on than a page full of words. Try fast-paced superhero comics, or if that’s not your speed, a heartwarming story like Bingo Love by Tee Franklin, Jenn St. Onge, Joy San, and Cardinal Rae. Hazel and Mari fell in love as teenagers but were pulled apart by their families and society. Fifty years later, they meet again at the bingo hall where they first kissed and find that life has given their love a second chance. What to Read After Surgery Some of the pre-op books suggested above are also great immediately after surgery. You’ll still be experiencing some pain and frustration, and your attention span may still be short. So feel free to keep up your SFF, Romance, and Comics reading after you’ve returned home. Here are some additional ideas as you continue to heal. Comforting Classics Right after surgery, it’s especially crucial to get your mind off of the pain and find a happy place. Reread books that bring you joy and happy memories. It’s also nice to already know where the plot is headed in case you have trouble focusing. If you’re struggling to read printed or ebooks, try mixing up the format with audiobooks. When I was at the peak of pain after returning home, I couldn’t focus my eyes on a book, so I found a new audio version of an old favorite: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, narrated by Tituss Burgess. The voice of an actor I love bringing new life to familiar characters was just what I needed to get my mind off the pain. Funny Memoirs and Essay Collections It sounds cheesy, but laughter really is the best medicine. Nothing helped me forget the pain and discomfort I was in like a good belly laugh. Samantha Irby is one of my favorite funny authors, and her memoirs Meaty and We Are Never Meeting in Real Life are absolutely delightful. She’s also able to make light of her own chronic pain and physical ailments in a way that may bring some comfort. Celebrity memoirs are another great choice during recovery, particularly memoirs from funny stars. If the author narrates the audiobook, even better. The familiar voice of a celebrity you admire telling their story in their own words may be just what the doctor ordered. The Greatest Love Story Ever Told by Hollywood couple Megan Mullally and Nick Offerman is a hilarious memoir of their relationship. It’s heartwarming and laugh-out-loud funny, giving you all the good feels to get well soon. What to Read While You Recover Once you’re past the worst part of post-surgery pain, you may be ready to read something that requires a bit more focus. As cabin fever starts to set in, you’ll want something more challenging. Or maybe something that will help you feel like you’re anywhere else besides the couch. Mystery/Thriller The twists and turns of a mystery/thriller take a little more energy to keep up with, but they’ll also provide a great escape from the arduous recovery process. If you’re tired of the tedium of bed rest, try something full of intrigue and adventure. American Spy by Lauren Wilkinson is a fantastic new historical spy novel set during the Cold War. Marie is an intelligence officer with the FBI, making her way in a sexist and racist old boys’ club. When she’s sent undercover to Burkina Faso to help take down a revolutionary president, everything she knows about being a spy changes. Fiction in Far Away Places If you can’t go far from home during your recovery, read books set far from home. Reading about distant places well help you pretend youre anywhere but your bed. Check out books that will transport you. To travel across the world and through time, try historical fiction set in a different country. Set in 1930s Malaysia, The Night Tiger by Yangsze Choo is just what you need to mix things up. As rumors spread about men turning into tigers, a dancehall girl and an orphan boy cross paths and find their fates are intertwined. Health Care Nonfiction Before surgery, stay far away from anything related to hospitals or medical care. But once you’re past the worst of your pain and the risk of complications, you may be interested in reading more about what you experienced. Unfortunately, I read  Anesthesia: The Gift of Oblivion and the Mystery of Consciousness by Kate Cole-Adams a while before surgery, and therefore spent some days terrified of what could go wrong when the anesthesiologist put me under. However, it’s a fascinating study of what we do and don’t know about consciousness and anesthesia. After your surgery has (hopefully) gone as planned, this book might help you learn more about what happened while you were asleep. Memoirs about chronic pain, health challenges, and death may provide surprising clarity as you recover. Learning about other health journeys can help you learn tactics for recovery and appreciation for the care you’ve received. I gained a lot of perspective from Julie Yip-Williams’ memoir The Unwinding of the Miracle: A Memoir of Life, Death, and Everything That Comes After. Yip-Williams was born blind in Vietnam. She spent much of her life pushing back against the stereotypes placed on her because of her disability. After being diagnosed with terminal cancer, she reflected on how health, access to care, and grief affected her life. If you’re preparing for surgery, good luck! If you’re recovering from surgery, I hope you have the time and energy to enjoy a good book. And if you’re shopping for a loved one with a recovery ahead of them, I hope this list gave you some great ideas for reading material. You might enjoy these other articles from Book Riot: Tips and Tricks for Reading When You’re Sick Books I’m Reading to Better Understand Illness and Death 50 Books to Read If You Love Medicine

Literature Review about Investors Behavior Toward Stocks Splits

A share split is an action taken by corporate executives to increase the number of outstanding shares by dividing each share by a given split ratio that diminishes its price. In this case, the stock market capitalization does not change since the price per share reduces by the ratio of the share split. For instance, if a company splits its shares in the ratio of two shares for each one share held, the share holders will enjoy an increased numbers of shares nut at a reduced price thus the overall market capitalization remains unchanged. Stock splits are not a new term in world stock exchanges, many company have adopted the policy for a couple of reasons all geared towards increasing the marketability of its shares. Equity bank, for instance, one of the leading micro finance institutions in the world, incorporated in Kenya recently split its shares in a ratio of 10-1 giving the shares a lot of liquidity and marketability. In finance, investors are said to be rational decision makers and would try to maximize the returns to their investments by whatever means, given several constrains. Their response to share splits thus depends on several factors as explained below. Information available-financial information is critical in making investment decisions. The amount of information that investors have thus informed their response to proposed share splits.   If investors have adequate advance information concerning the share split, future investment projects by the company among other relevant information. They are likely to respond quickly to share splits. Nature of investors there are several types of investors in the stock exchange. The broadest categories of investors in the market are the long term investors and speculators. Long term investors may not quickly respond with the same gusto as the speculators who would want to make a quick kill from the investment opportunity after the shares become more affordable. Usually, such speculators are small investors who do not have enough capital to invest in expensive stocks but prefer the cheap and affordable investments. Economic situation although share splits happen in companies that are doing well, investors may be quite skeptical about purchasing stocks if they foresee a gloomy economic future. Investors buy shares if they anticipate a rise in the share prices, with a depressed economic situation, the possible share price increase may be overshadowed. Reverse split is the opposite of a share split. In some stock markets, there is a required minimum share price. If the companies share prices dip below the required share prices of that particular company, the share holders may be advised to consolidate their share holding, a term referred to as reverse split. There are several reasons why companies prefer to split their shares. The decision to split share in a company is informed by the behavior of investors towards a share split. This article thus explores the behavior of investors towards a share split and the impacts of the split on the investor’s earnings. Most traders view a stock split as a very crucial investment opportunity with great potential to increase their wealth. They consider share splits as a positive step in value and good will of the company, share splits thus psychologically makes investors feel wealthier. In some cases, some investors take stock splits as dividends oblivious of the reality in terms of the impact of such splits on price and market capitalization of the company’s shares. Critics however, argue that stock splits only make since in accounting and are quite irrelevant in real life since they do not affect performance of the shares. They actually think that shareholders would be stupid to believe that their wealth has increased as a result of a stock split (Shiller, Robert 1981), Empirical studies have however confirmed that increased market activity as a following a share split is justified. In 1996, a study by David Ikennbery of Rise University in Hong Kong measuring the long term and short-term effects of a stock split on the performance of the company company’s securities. His research findings indicated that 1275 companies that had split their share between 1975-1990 performed 8% better than their similar counterparts who had not split their shares in the first year and about 16% better in the subsequent three years. In 2003, the same researcher updated his research but this time included splits of 2-1, 3-1, and 4-1 and found that the results from this study were very similar with his original findings. He found that the companies that had split their share in the ratios above reported better results compared to those stocks that were not split, in the first year following the split and about 12% better than their counterparts in the following three years. In another research carried out in China and published in 2005, although stock splits appear purely cosmetic, there is ample empirical evidence that they are associated with abnormal returns. Theoretically, there are several reasons that explain the behavior of investors in case of a share split. This reason rotate on the fact that a share split increases the number of shares held by the shareholders and at the same time reduces the price of the shares thus making them more affordable. One, stock splits announcement raises attention to a company’s perceived success. This is because, for a company to split its shares, they must be trading at a price above the market and industry average. Such high prices result from the company’s success leading to high prices for its shares. If a company is perceived to be successful, investors would like town stocks in that company with the intention of benefiting from the capital gains expected in the long run. Investors thus respond very quickly to the announcement of a share split with the hope of making more money as the share prices go up. The reduced price per share after this split of the shares often attracts many investors since the smaller investors can now afford to purchase the company’s stocks at the reduced prices. The increased activity at the stock exchange usually makes the company’s prices to increase. Such an increase in the prices of the company stocks is a benefit to the well positioned investors who purchase their stocks at the announcement of the split. Some company’s share prices are very high to the extend that low income earners are not able to afford. With the lowered prices as a result of share splits, many investors will buy stocks at the affordable rates. Life cycle of a share split The behavior of investors towards a share split can also be analyzed using the lifecycle of a share split. Investors in the stock market behave differently at the different stages of the life cycle and thus it’s important to understand this lifecycle as an investor. Such an analysis also gives hints on the best time for one to invest in the stock market following a share split. Pre-announcement During this stage, there is not much fanfare in the stock market after a long period of healthy growth. In many cases however, emergence into this stage occurs quickly as unexpected gains cause a rapid increase in the prices of the stocks. Significant changes in price are thus witnessed at this stage. To make a good profit during this stage, it’s important that one identifies the stocks that will most likely be split and when they will be split. Investor behavior at this stage is unpredictable since investors do not have perfect information about the split and they only carry on their business as usual although sometimes there are indicators that may lead investors to anticipate such splits such as abnormally high prices per share. Announcement The upbeat atmosphere of the share split usually pulls investors in large numbers to buy shares at the reduced prices. The influx of traders in the market leads to an increase in the stock prices and this gives exceptional advantage to those investors who are well positioned before the announcement since they can sell their securities at the increased prices and make capital gains or simply wait and receive higher dividends I the future. For those investors who were initially not in the company, this period usually offers a low risk set up for timing short term trading entries. It is at this time that speculators get in and buy shares only to sell them in the near future immediately the prices look up (Simon, Herbert 1947). Dormancy period In this period, there is a return to normalcy in prices and behavior in the weeks following the announcement of the split s the initial interest subsides. The shorter this time interim, the less subdued this stage will be. Pre split run For many stocks, this is the most powerful phase of the share split cycle as investors are busy bidding up the prices of the limited stock supply. The prices are still high pending the speculators mass shift from the stock exchange. Shiller, Robert 1981) Post split run Here, the investor’s excitement after the share split is begins to fade. This stage is characterized by a retreat in the price of the share as speculators are actively selling their securities in the short run. The increased supply of the securities drives the prices down thus as the speculators exit the market. This is believed to be the best time for the long term investors to buy the securities at the reduced prices and profit fro the capital gains I the future after the prices stabilize. The above analysis indicates that the behavior of investors towards a share split will depend on the particular stage n the share split life cycle. Investors consider the price of the share and the potential future earnings in making their decisions on investment. Although practitioners like ( Bakerand Gallagher, (1980; Baker and Powel,1993) suggest that marketability of the stocks is the primary motivation for stock splits, fewer papers have shown interest in this possibility. Academic research on common stocks has however found some support for marketability hypothesis. For instance, (Lamoureux and Poon 1987) and Maloney and Mulherin 1992) confirm that the number of share holders in a company increases following a stock split. A Schultz 1999) shows that the number of small investors increases following a share split and majority of these new investments are new buys. According to empirical studies, Managers report that the main report that the major factor that contributes to stock split is to move the price of the stocks to a better and desirable trading range. The trading range for most stocks in the United States is 20-35 USD (Baker, Phillips and Powell 1995) in a review article on splits. Stock splits have been a common feature in the Newyork stock exchange. Of the listed stocks in the market at the end of 1930, almost 20% split at least once in the prior 10 years. Over a half a century later, 5-10% of all the listed companies announced a stock. The stock prices I this stock exchange have been quite stable for quite a long time, averaging between $30 to $40. Over the last half a century, the average Newyork Stock Exchange has stayed in the dollar range despite the remarkable increases in consumer prices and corporate equity values. This constancy in the price levels has been partly attributed to the frequent share splits. Some companies however, such as Berkshire Hathaway and Google, though have very high share prices averaging about 100,000 and 500USD respectively have not had share splits in their history. Another interpretation of investor behavior is that investors and analysts have no preferred price but simply adapt from the firms past split behaviors. Pilotte and Manuel (1996) for instance, provide evidence that the firms post split earnings performance to make inferences about a newly announced share split. If managers assume an optimal price for the splits and their stocks maintain that particular price level, investors can be seen to infer the manager’s private information based on announced split price and respond to that information. A lot of research a lot has been found to support these claims even if the motivation for that belief is less clear (e.g. Baker and Powell, 1993). Financial theories advanced to explain stock splits rely primarily on two attributes. The information flows between investors and managers and transaction costs as financial intermediaries and investors interact. Theories focusing on interactions between investors and intermediaries investigate the idea that share splits adjust prices to a level that redues the transaction costs and at the same time increases the investor trading opportunities. At this level, investors will find the securities to be more attractive and will move in to purchase more shares thus increasing the liquidity of the shares in the stock market. Summary and conclusion As mentioned earlier, share splits can also be reversed by the managers of the company. It is done when management intends to place the shares in an attractive range. Decisions to consolidate shares is either discretionary or non discretionary. Management may decide to improve the company’s image by consolidating the company’s shares if they are selling at an abnormally low price. This increases the marketability and demand for the shares. This is because investors’ view too low share prices as being speculative. Management may also consolidate the company’s shares to attract institutional investors. Such investors make huge share purchases and invest with along term perspective. For management to attract such investors, the share prices must be attractive. Reducing the number of outstanding shares also has an effect on the earnings per share attributable to the existing share holders. Since earning per share is computed as after tax profit for the company divided by the number of ordinary share holders, reducing the number of ordinary share shares will have a positive impact on the share holder earnings. In some stock exchange markets however, firms are supposed to maintain a given level of price per share. Incase a firms share price drops below this level required, then the company has no option but to consolidate its shares. This phenomenon is called non-discretionary reverse split. A lot of research has been directed towards the behavior of investors towards stock splits. Findings from most of the researches’ indicate that there is positive correlation between stock splits and investor response to the markets activities. Empirical research indicates that companies that have split their shares have reported better performance than their counterparts who have not split their shares. Many researchers have backed these findings with empirical evidence that indicate that such companies perform better by over 8% while others dismiss such claims as very cosmetic and baseless. They believe that stock splits do not alter the wealth of the share holders since there is no real change in the market capitalization. They argue that investors are stupid enough to believe that the increased number of shares as a result of a share split improves their wealth. They argue that such believe is not true and only in the investors psychology (Fama, Eugene 1965). Other researchers on the other hand have proven that the lowered prices after the share split induces small investors to purchase more shares since they become affordable after the share split. The increased attention towards the company after the announcement of the share split by investors leads to the appreciation of the company’s stocks prices. This creates value to the share holders through capital gains or future dividends in the long run. A lot of opportunities for empirical research however, exist on the benefits of a share split on the companies shares. It’s also important that share holders and investors have clears information on the impacts of the pre and post split effects on their future earning. In making investment decisions after a share split announcement, investors should understand the implications of the share split on the various financial ratios such as the dividend per share, dividend yield, price earning ratio, market price per share amongst other relevant information. This area presents a good opportunity for researchers to explore all the information pertaining to the share split so that investors can be able to make informed decisions on the timing, impact and magnitude of their investments before and after a share split announcement. References Barber, Brad, and Terrance Odean. Too Many Cooks Spoil the Profits: Investment Club Performance,† Financial Analysts Journal.2004. vol. 56, no. 1 (January/February), 17-25. Chen, Joseph, Harrison Hong, and Jeremy Stein (2000), â€Å"Forecasting Crashes: Trading Volume, Past Returns and Conditional Skewness in Stock Prices,† NBER Working Paper No. 7687 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research). De Bondt, Werner, and Richard Thaler (1985), â€Å"Does the Stock Market Overreact?† Journal of Finance, vol. 40, no. 3 (July), 793-808. Fama, Eugene (1965), â€Å"Random Walks in Stock Market Prices,† Financial Analysts Journal, vol. 21, no. 5 (September/October), 55-59. Fama, Eugene (1965), â€Å"The Behavior of Stock Market Prices,† The Journal of Business, vol. 38 (January), 34-105. Fama, Eugene, Lawrence Fisher, Michael Jensen, and Richard Roll (1969), â€Å"The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information,† International Economic Review, vol. 10, 1-21. Finn, Mark, Russell Fuller, and John Kling (1999), â€Å"Equity Mispricing: It’s Mostly on the Short Side,† Financial Analysts Journal, vol. 55, no. 6 (November/December), 117-126. Gibbons M., and P. Hess, (1981) â€Å"Day of the Week Effects and Assets Returns,† Journal of Business, vol. 54, 579-596. Jensen, Michael (1978), â€Å"Some Anomalous Evidence Regarding Market Efficiency,† Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 6, nos. 2/3, 95-101. Johnson, W. Bruce, Robert P. Magee, Nandu J. Nagarajan, and Harry A. Newman (1985), â€Å"An Analysis of the Stock Price Reaction to Sudden Executive Deaths,† Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1985, 151-174. Oppenheimer, Henry R. (1981), Common Stock Selection: an Analysis of Benjamin Graham’s â€Å"Intelligent Investor† Approach (Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press). Rendelman, Richard J., Charles P. Jones, and Henry A. Latanà © (1982), â€Å"Empirical Anomalies Based on Unexpected Earnings and the Importance of the Risk Adjustments,† Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 10, no. 3, 269-287. Roberts, Harry (1959), â€Å"Stock Market ‘Patterns’ and Financial Analysis: Methodological Suggestions,† Journal of Finance, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 1-10. Rozeff, M. and W. Kinney (1976), â€Å"Capital Market Seasonality: The Case of Stock Returns,† Journal of Financial Economics 3, 379-402. Shiller, Robert (1981), â€Å"Do Stock Prices Move Too Much to Be Justified by Subsequent Changes in Dividends?† American Economic Review , vol. 71, no. 3 (June), 421-436. Simon, Herbert (1947), Administrative Behavior (New York: Macmillan Co.)

The Falling Apart of Okonkwos Personal Life and the...

Things Fall Apart. Such an intriguing title, because everything will eventually fall apart. Chinua Achebes choice of a title may lead some to confusion, because throughout his book many things fall apart, from Okonkwos personal life achievements and emotions to the town of Umuofia as its people split, and perhaps the biggest thing to fall apart, the very culture of the Igbo people. One could focus on any one of these topics and trace the complexity of its fall from previous glory to the eventual ruin at the end of Achebes novel. Studying the overall book provides a much more interesting conclusion, however, than simply tracking the different ways people or the town change, as instead it is possible to gain insight into Achebes goals†¦show more content†¦Okonkwo started with what his father, Unoka, had left him. Unoka left the legacy of his son [...] was ashamed of him (Achebe 8.) He left Okonkwo [having] taken no title and [being] heavily in debt (8.) However, Okonkwo was ab le to rise above his being ashamed of his father, because despite being left heavily in debt he had become a wealthy farmer (8) and despite his father not having any titles, he had won fame [...] and he had taken two titles [...] he was already one of the greatest men of his time (8.) Okonkwo was able to become successful, despite the disgrace his father had left as his legacy, and because of this Okonkwo received a boy to take care of, Ikemefuna. However, when Okonkwo must allow the boy to be killed, he sabotages his own emotional health by going with the execution party. This moment shows how Igbo culture was not perfect, as this is not a problem within the culture caused by Europeans, but is just an unfortunate part of what their traditional culture is. Okonkwo was warned by Ogbuefi Ezeudu, a man considered wise and given high respect, to not kill that boy because he calls [Okonkwo] father (57.) Oknonkwos own insecurities are highlighted just as Ikemefuna is about to be killed, w hen Ikemefuna cries, My father, they have killed me! as he ran towards [Okonkwo]. Dazed with fear, Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought weak (61.) Okonkwo

A Term Paper on an Analysis on the Comparison Free Essays

This report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction between Grahame Phone Beanlike has been prepared to fulfill the partial requirement of ABA program. While preparing this report, I had great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of activities, especially on the research methodology . This report brings helps to develop our understanding about formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses. We will write a custom essay sample on A Term Paper on an Analysis on the Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first we collect 50 people’s person data then find out the customer of the gap ; bankrolling. Hen we comparison of the customer satisfaction. This research improves our knowledge, skills ; ability. In ABA program on the course BUS 405 Research Methodology for Business is very important things. Students know about the research. Knowledge of research not only helps one to look at the available information In sophisticated and creative ways in the fast-paced global environment that business race but this knowledge also helps In other ways. Modern technology has made research an excellent and a relatively smooth process. Today a personal computer with a modem or any means to an internet connection places one within easy reach of knowledge of what happening in the global environment. Technology has facilitated the research process and decision making. 1. 2 Objective * To Identify the satisfaction level To Identify the average expenditure * To identify the burden level * To identify the average per minute call charge of BAL ; GAP connection to subscribers opinion * To identify ; analysis that mobile phone is playing a significant role in the economic development of Bangladesh. . 3 Methodology Methodology is very important : useful thing in a report. Methodology is a guideline system for salving a problem with specific components. Such us phases, task, Method, techniques ; tools. There are two sources of data collection: * Primary sources There are several method of collecting data : The observation method is the mostly commonly used method in studied relating to behavioral sciences. In a way we all obs erve things around us, but this sort observation is not is scientific observation. Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the researcher when it serves a formulated research purpose is systematically planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity band reliability. 2. Interview The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral – verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral – verbal responses. This method can be used through arsenal interviews. 3. Through questionnaires The method of collecting data by mailing the questionnaires to respondents is most extensively employed in various economic and business surveys. The merits claimed on behalf of this method are as follows: a) There is low cost even when the universe so large and is widely spread geographically b) It is free from the bias of the interviewer: answers are in respondent own words, c) Respondents have adequate time to give well thought out answers. D) Large samples can be made use of and thus the results can be made more dependable and reliable. 4. Through the schedules This method of data collection is very much like the collection of data through questionnaire with little difference which lies in the fact that schedules are being filled in by the enumerators who are specially appointed for purpose. These enumerators along with schedules go to respondents put to them the questions from the Performa in the order the questions are listed and record the replies in the space meant of the same Performa. Ins certain situation schedules may be handed over the respondents and enumerators may help them in recording their answers to various questions in the said schedules. Enumerators explain the aims and objects of the investigation and also remove the difficulties which any respondent may feel in understanding the implications of a particular question or the definition of concept of difficult terms. 5. Discussion with the officer with the officer of BAL ; GAP * Secondary sources 1. Annual report of BAL ; GAP 2. Various document s from BAL ; GAP 3. Different websites, books 4. Internal record 1. 4 Scope . This report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction between Grahame Phone ; Beanlike. T has been prepared to fulfill the partial acquirement of ABA program. While preparing this report, I had great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of activities, especially on the research methodology . This report brings helps to develop our understanding about formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses. At first we collect 50 people’s person data then find out the customer of the gap bankrolling. Then we comparison of the customer sa tisfaction. This research improves our knowledge, skills ability. Important things. 1. Limitation On the way of the report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction teen Grahame Phone Beanlike, I faced the following problems, which may be termed as the limitations of the study. The major limitations of this study are given as follows I. There were some restrictions to have access to the information confidential by concern people ii. Some of the people cannot share their actual information. Iii. I have no proper experience to do this kind of report. So, inexperience creates obstacle to follow the systematic and logical research methodology. Part: 2 Overview of the cellular phone Industry 2. 1 history of the industry Grahame phone: Gramophone, widely known as GAP, is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 32 million subscribers (as of June 2011) Gramophone is the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a Joint venture enterprise between Telethon and Grahame Telecoms Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed micromanage organization and community development bank Grahame Bank. Telethon, the largest telecommunications company in Norway, owns 55. % shares of Gramophone, Grahame Telecoms owns 34. 2% and the remaining 10% is publicly held. Gramophone was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Stay Close, stated goal of Gramophone is to provide affordable telephony to the entire population of Bangladesh. The idea of providing universal mobile phone access throughout Bangladesh, including its rural areas, was originally conceived by Cabal Quadric, who is currently the founder and director of telegram Center for Development and Entrepreneurship at MIT. He was inspired by the Grahame Bank microcircuit model and envisioned a business model where a cell phone can revere as a source of income. After leaving his Job as an investment banker in the United States, Quadric traveled back to Bangladesh, after meeting and successfully raising money from New York based investor and philanthropist Joshua Mailman, and worked for three years gaining support from various organizations including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Muhammad Yuan’s of Grahame Bank and the Norwegian telephone company, Telephone was finally successful in forming a consortium with Telethon and Grahame Bank to establish Gramophone. Quadric remained a shareholder of Gramophone until 2004. Gramophone received license for cellular phone operation in Bangladesh from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on November 28, 1996. Gramophone started operations on offered a mobile-to-mobile connectivity (widely known as GAP-GAP connection), which created a lot of enthusiasm among the users. It became the first operator to reach the million subscriber milestone as well as ten million subscriber milestone in Bangladesh. November 28, 1996: Gramophone Ltd. Received cellular license by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Bangladesh. March 26, 1997: Gramophone launched its service on the Independence Day of Bangladesh. June 1998: Gramophone started its services in Chitchatting, the second largest city and the port city of Bangladesh. Cell to cell coverage between Dacha-Chitchatting was established. 1999: Gramophone started its service in Chula, the industrial city of Bangladesh. Also cell to cell coverage between Dacha and Chula brought a number of other districts under coverage. 2000: Gramophone started its services in Rajahs, the education city of Bangladesh. Service also started in Sylphs and Barista and thus all six divisional headquarters got the cellular network coverage for the first time Bangladesh. August 2003: Gramophone’s subscribes base has become more than one million. Gramophone became the first operator in the country to reach the million subscribers. November 2005: Gramophone registered more than 5 million subscribers. November 5, 2006: Gramophone crosses the 10 million subscriber mark after almost ten years of operation. September 20, 2007: Gramophone reaches 15 million subscribers mark. June 2008: Gramophone reaches 20 million subscribers landmark. On the November 16, 2006 GAP formally changed its logo to match its parent company Telethon’s logo. According o GAP the new logo symbolizes trust, reliability, quality and constant progress. The name Gramophone was kept as part of the new identity because the name Gramophone carries with it all of the heritage, success and values of the company’s past, added the then CEO of Gramophone Erik As. Bankrolling: Bankrolling is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after Gramophone. As of November, 2009, Bankrolling has a subscriber base of 12. 99 million. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rococo Telecoms. Bankrolling had 1. 03 million connections until December, 2005. The number of Bankrolling users increased by 257 per cent and stood at 3. 64 million at the end of 2006, making it the fastest growing operator in the world of that year. In August, 2006, Bankrolling became the first company to provide free incoming calls from BUTT for both postpaid and prepaid connections. On August 20, 2008, Bankrolling got past the landmark of 10 million subscriber base. Sheep Telecoms(Pat Ltd)-after talking lots- finally was granted license in 1989 to operate in the rural areas of 199 piazzas. Later it obtained GSM license in 1996 to extend its business to cellular mobile, radio telephone services. It launched operation in the last quarter of 1997 as a Bangladesh-Malaysia Joint venture. In July, 2004, it was reported that Egypt based Rococo Telecoms is set to purchase the Malaysian stakes in Sheep Telecoms through a hush-hush deal, as Sheep had failed to tap the business potentials in Bangladesh mainly due to a chronic feud between its Malaysian and Bangladesh partners. An agreement was reached with Rococo worth IIS$25 million was finalized in secret. The pact has been kept secret for legal reasons, considering dealing was the Joint venture agreement between the Bangladesh and the Malaysian ratters, which dictates that if any party sells its Sheep shares, the other party will enjoy the first right to buy that. Integrated Services Ltd. (SSL), the Bangladesh partner, was being ‘officially shown as purchasing the shares held by Technology Resources Industries URI) of Malaysia for $15 million. SSL then paid another $10 million to Standard Chartered Bank to settle Saba’s liabilities. In September, 2004, Rococo Telecoms Holdings purchased 100% of the shares of Sheep Telecoms (Pat. ) Limited (â€Å"Sheep†). It was acquired for IIS$60 million. Sheep had a base of 59,000 users, of whom 49,000 were regular when it was sold. Afterward it was re-branded and launched its services under the â€Å"Bankrolling† brand on February 10, 2005. Bankrolling;s license is a nationwide 15-year GSM license and will expire in November, 2011. In March, 2008, Sheep Telecoms (Pat. Limited changed its name as Rococo Telecoms Bangladesh Limited, matching its parent company name 2. 2 mission vision of the companies Mission vision of GAP: The gramophone Ltd aims at providing reliable, widespread, convenient mobile and cast effective telephone services to the people in Bangladesh irrespective of where they live. Such services will also help Bangladesh keep pace with other entries i ncluding those in south Africa region and reduce her existing disparity in telecoms services between urban rural area. To be leading provider of telecommunication services with satisfied customers and share holder and enthusiastic employees. † Mission vision of BAL: Bankrolling aims to understand peoples’ needs best and develop appropriate communication services to improve peoples’ life and make it simple. All our work is aimed towards meeting our vision. All members of the bankrolling family are highly passionate individuals, fully committed to achieving the vision that we have set ourselves. Our customers’ needs matter most to us- making their life simple and improving it is all we want. To ensure our vision is achieved, we have set ourselves a few values, we want to be: Straight Forward, Reliable, Innovative, Passionate. All the bankrolling family members have one thing in common- a passion to serve. We want to go that extra mile, so that you can have the best possible service. Limiting in the future of Bangladesh. 2. 3 Market invention Market invention of GAP: According to Gramophone, it has so far invested more than BAT 10,700 core (USED 1. 6 billion) to build the network infrastructure since 1997. It has invested over BAT 3,100 core (USED 450 million) during the first three quarters of 2007 while BAT 2,100 core (USED 310 million) was invested in 2006 alone. Gramophone has built the largest cellular network in the country with over 10,000 base stations in more than 5700 locations. Presently, nearly 98 percent of the country’s population is within the coverage area of the Gramophone network. The entire Gramophone network is also EDGE/GAPS enabled, allowing access to dial-up quality speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. There are currently nearly 3 million EDGE/GAPS users in the Gramophone network. Market invention of bal: Bankrolling offers a wide range of products and services to suit the needs of the dedicated enterprise relationship manager who provides them with personalized customer care round the clock. Other benefits of enterprise include customized packages with attractive call charges and connection price, enterprise SMS broadcast, enterprise short code, international roaming, missed call alerts, free voice mail retrieval, fax and data service, call conferencing, special offer for family members and many more. It was first launched in December, 2006. The current packages are: * enterprise corporate; targeted at the corporate segment * enterprise SEEM; targeted at the SEEM segment * enterprise personal Prior to the launch of Bankrolling enterprise, Bankrolling served the business clientele through a similar platform named Bankrolling professional. 2. 4: Products Description: Gramophone was the first operator to introduce the pre-paid mobile phone service in Bangladesh in September 1999. It offers the pre-paid subscription under the name Easy Prepaid which is currently called â€Å"shoji ,Bond ,Upon, smile, sponsor, Business Solution prepaid†. Besides shoji, Bond, Upon, smile, sponsor, Business Solution, Gramophone also offers a youth based mobile to mobile connectivity within Bangladesh named deduce. Gramophone also offers postpaid mobile service. Explore Postpaid is the name of its post paid service. Internet: Gramophone provides internet service in its coverage area. As it has EDGE/GAPS enabled network, any subscriber can access to internet through this network. Gramophone was the first mobile operator in Bangladesh to offer EDGE services to its subscribers. Bill Pay: A service to enable users to pay their utility bills Electricity/Gas through mobile. Cell Bazaar : Services to enable users sell or buy products through mobile or internet. Various other services like Stock Information, Instant Messaging, SMS Based Alerts/ Services, Voice-based Services, Downloads, Music, Cricket Updates, Web SMS, Mobile Backup etc. Bankrolling currently offers two prepaid plans. All the prepaid plans come in two phases-?Standard and MM. All connections provide GAPS to subscribers. Des, with the slogan Eek Des Eek Rate! (means one country one rate! ), is one of the cheapest prepaid plans in the country by tariff. Users of Des can call any mobile operator at 0. Take during 12 AM to 5 PM. It also has three Fan numbers. Des was launched on September 14, 2006. Des rang is launched as a brand extension to enrich the brand of Des. Rang is a Bengali word which means color. It is introduced with the catch phrase-?Ranging Din Pan Jawbone (misdemeanors your life. ). This package is beneficial for customers who mainly make calls to their own network and are hea vy SMS users. It offers four on-net Fan numbers, but no off-net Fan number. Regular prepaid was the first package Bankrolling had to offer. It is currently unavailable in the market. Ladies, first! Tit the slogan Shampooer Network (means network of relationships), was tailored for women. It was launched on September 3, 2005. It had introduced 1 second pulse for the first time in the prepaid market. It offered four Fan numbers. It is currently unavailable in the market. Be linked! Was launched on November 16, 2005. It was later taken over by Des package as all thebe linked! Customers were automatically migrated to Des. Currently there are three postpaid plans from which is a subset of much larger Bankrolling enterprise. All packages come with TT local, NOD KIDS and e-KIDS connectivity. Part: 3 Research Methodologies . 1 Review of literature * To demonstrate a familiarly with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. * To know the path of prior research and how a current research project link to it. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. * To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. * Identification of variables. * Helps in developing theoretical framework. 3. 2 Determining Variables Simply defined, variable is a concept that varies. The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different object or persons. There are two types of concepts. These are: Concept refers to a fixed phenomenon * Concepts that those varies in quantity, Intensity or amount The 2nd type of concept and measure of concept are variable. Because variable represents a quality that can exhibit difference in value, usually magnitude or strength, it may be said that a variable generally is anything that may assume different numerical or categorical values. For example: * Gender(male, female) * Marital status (Married, Unmarried ,widowed ,Divorced) * Family income * Attitude toward women empowerment(highly favorable-highly unfavorable) There are several types of Variables. There are: Dependent Variable * Independent Variable * Continuous Variable * Discontinuous Variable * Moderating Variable * Intervening Variables * Extraneous Variables * Relationship Among Variables 3. 3 Constructing theoretical framework The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based. It I logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations among the variable deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, Observation and literature survey. Experience and intuition also guide in developing the theoretical framework. The components of the theoretical framework: 1 . The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions 2. The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another This should be dome for the important direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the finding s of previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative. 4. There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. How to cite A Term Paper on an Analysis on the Comparison, Essays

A Term Paper on an Analysis on the Comparison Free Essays

This report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction between Grahame Phone Beanlike has been prepared to fulfill the partial requirement of ABA program. While preparing this report, I had great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of activities, especially on the research methodology . This report brings helps to develop our understanding about formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses. We will write a custom essay sample on A Term Paper on an Analysis on the Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first we collect 50 people’s person data then find out the customer of the gap ; bankrolling. Hen we comparison of the customer satisfaction. This research improves our knowledge, skills ; ability. In ABA program on the course BUS 405 Research Methodology for Business is very important things. Students know about the research. Knowledge of research not only helps one to look at the available information In sophisticated and creative ways in the fast-paced global environment that business race but this knowledge also helps In other ways. Modern technology has made research an excellent and a relatively smooth process. Today a personal computer with a modem or any means to an internet connection places one within easy reach of knowledge of what happening in the global environment. Technology has facilitated the research process and decision making. 1. 2 Objective * To Identify the satisfaction level To Identify the average expenditure * To identify the burden level * To identify the average per minute call charge of BAL ; GAP connection to subscribers opinion * To identify ; analysis that mobile phone is playing a significant role in the economic development of Bangladesh. . 3 Methodology Methodology is very important : useful thing in a report. Methodology is a guideline system for salving a problem with specific components. Such us phases, task, Method, techniques ; tools. There are two sources of data collection: * Primary sources There are several method of collecting data : The observation method is the mostly commonly used method in studied relating to behavioral sciences. In a way we all obs erve things around us, but this sort observation is not is scientific observation. Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the researcher when it serves a formulated research purpose is systematically planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity band reliability. 2. Interview The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral – verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral – verbal responses. This method can be used through arsenal interviews. 3. Through questionnaires The method of collecting data by mailing the questionnaires to respondents is most extensively employed in various economic and business surveys. The merits claimed on behalf of this method are as follows: a) There is low cost even when the universe so large and is widely spread geographically b) It is free from the bias of the interviewer: answers are in respondent own words, c) Respondents have adequate time to give well thought out answers. D) Large samples can be made use of and thus the results can be made more dependable and reliable. 4. Through the schedules This method of data collection is very much like the collection of data through questionnaire with little difference which lies in the fact that schedules are being filled in by the enumerators who are specially appointed for purpose. These enumerators along with schedules go to respondents put to them the questions from the Performa in the order the questions are listed and record the replies in the space meant of the same Performa. Ins certain situation schedules may be handed over the respondents and enumerators may help them in recording their answers to various questions in the said schedules. Enumerators explain the aims and objects of the investigation and also remove the difficulties which any respondent may feel in understanding the implications of a particular question or the definition of concept of difficult terms. 5. Discussion with the officer with the officer of BAL ; GAP * Secondary sources 1. Annual report of BAL ; GAP 2. Various document s from BAL ; GAP 3. Different websites, books 4. Internal record 1. 4 Scope . This report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction between Grahame Phone ; Beanlike. T has been prepared to fulfill the partial acquirement of ABA program. While preparing this report, I had great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of activities, especially on the research methodology . This report brings helps to develop our understanding about formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses. At first we collect 50 people’s person data then find out the customer of the gap bankrolling. Then we comparison of the customer sa tisfaction. This research improves our knowledge, skills ability. Important things. 1. Limitation On the way of the report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction teen Grahame Phone Beanlike, I faced the following problems, which may be termed as the limitations of the study. The major limitations of this study are given as follows I. There were some restrictions to have access to the information confidential by concern people ii. Some of the people cannot share their actual information. Iii. I have no proper experience to do this kind of report. So, inexperience creates obstacle to follow the systematic and logical research methodology. Part: 2 Overview of the cellular phone Industry 2. 1 history of the industry Grahame phone: Gramophone, widely known as GAP, is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 32 million subscribers (as of June 2011) Gramophone is the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a Joint venture enterprise between Telethon and Grahame Telecoms Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed micromanage organization and community development bank Grahame Bank. Telethon, the largest telecommunications company in Norway, owns 55. % shares of Gramophone, Grahame Telecoms owns 34. 2% and the remaining 10% is publicly held. Gramophone was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Stay Close, stated goal of Gramophone is to provide affordable telephony to the entire population of Bangladesh. The idea of providing universal mobile phone access throughout Bangladesh, including its rural areas, was originally conceived by Cabal Quadric, who is currently the founder and director of telegram Center for Development and Entrepreneurship at MIT. He was inspired by the Grahame Bank microcircuit model and envisioned a business model where a cell phone can revere as a source of income. After leaving his Job as an investment banker in the United States, Quadric traveled back to Bangladesh, after meeting and successfully raising money from New York based investor and philanthropist Joshua Mailman, and worked for three years gaining support from various organizations including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Muhammad Yuan’s of Grahame Bank and the Norwegian telephone company, Telephone was finally successful in forming a consortium with Telethon and Grahame Bank to establish Gramophone. Quadric remained a shareholder of Gramophone until 2004. Gramophone received license for cellular phone operation in Bangladesh from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on November 28, 1996. Gramophone started operations on offered a mobile-to-mobile connectivity (widely known as GAP-GAP connection), which created a lot of enthusiasm among the users. It became the first operator to reach the million subscriber milestone as well as ten million subscriber milestone in Bangladesh. November 28, 1996: Gramophone Ltd. Received cellular license by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Bangladesh. March 26, 1997: Gramophone launched its service on the Independence Day of Bangladesh. June 1998: Gramophone started its services in Chitchatting, the second largest city and the port city of Bangladesh. Cell to cell coverage between Dacha-Chitchatting was established. 1999: Gramophone started its service in Chula, the industrial city of Bangladesh. Also cell to cell coverage between Dacha and Chula brought a number of other districts under coverage. 2000: Gramophone started its services in Rajahs, the education city of Bangladesh. Service also started in Sylphs and Barista and thus all six divisional headquarters got the cellular network coverage for the first time Bangladesh. August 2003: Gramophone’s subscribes base has become more than one million. Gramophone became the first operator in the country to reach the million subscribers. November 2005: Gramophone registered more than 5 million subscribers. November 5, 2006: Gramophone crosses the 10 million subscriber mark after almost ten years of operation. September 20, 2007: Gramophone reaches 15 million subscribers mark. June 2008: Gramophone reaches 20 million subscribers landmark. On the November 16, 2006 GAP formally changed its logo to match its parent company Telethon’s logo. According o GAP the new logo symbolizes trust, reliability, quality and constant progress. The name Gramophone was kept as part of the new identity because the name Gramophone carries with it all of the heritage, success and values of the company’s past, added the then CEO of Gramophone Erik As. Bankrolling: Bankrolling is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after Gramophone. As of November, 2009, Bankrolling has a subscriber base of 12. 99 million. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rococo Telecoms. Bankrolling had 1. 03 million connections until December, 2005. The number of Bankrolling users increased by 257 per cent and stood at 3. 64 million at the end of 2006, making it the fastest growing operator in the world of that year. In August, 2006, Bankrolling became the first company to provide free incoming calls from BUTT for both postpaid and prepaid connections. On August 20, 2008, Bankrolling got past the landmark of 10 million subscriber base. Sheep Telecoms(Pat Ltd)-after talking lots- finally was granted license in 1989 to operate in the rural areas of 199 piazzas. Later it obtained GSM license in 1996 to extend its business to cellular mobile, radio telephone services. It launched operation in the last quarter of 1997 as a Bangladesh-Malaysia Joint venture. In July, 2004, it was reported that Egypt based Rococo Telecoms is set to purchase the Malaysian stakes in Sheep Telecoms through a hush-hush deal, as Sheep had failed to tap the business potentials in Bangladesh mainly due to a chronic feud between its Malaysian and Bangladesh partners. An agreement was reached with Rococo worth IIS$25 million was finalized in secret. The pact has been kept secret for legal reasons, considering dealing was the Joint venture agreement between the Bangladesh and the Malaysian ratters, which dictates that if any party sells its Sheep shares, the other party will enjoy the first right to buy that. Integrated Services Ltd. (SSL), the Bangladesh partner, was being ‘officially shown as purchasing the shares held by Technology Resources Industries URI) of Malaysia for $15 million. SSL then paid another $10 million to Standard Chartered Bank to settle Saba’s liabilities. In September, 2004, Rococo Telecoms Holdings purchased 100% of the shares of Sheep Telecoms (Pat. ) Limited (â€Å"Sheep†). It was acquired for IIS$60 million. Sheep had a base of 59,000 users, of whom 49,000 were regular when it was sold. Afterward it was re-branded and launched its services under the â€Å"Bankrolling† brand on February 10, 2005. Bankrolling;s license is a nationwide 15-year GSM license and will expire in November, 2011. In March, 2008, Sheep Telecoms (Pat. Limited changed its name as Rococo Telecoms Bangladesh Limited, matching its parent company name 2. 2 mission vision of the companies Mission vision of GAP: The gramophone Ltd aims at providing reliable, widespread, convenient mobile and cast effective telephone services to the people in Bangladesh irrespective of where they live. Such services will also help Bangladesh keep pace with other entries i ncluding those in south Africa region and reduce her existing disparity in telecoms services between urban rural area. To be leading provider of telecommunication services with satisfied customers and share holder and enthusiastic employees. † Mission vision of BAL: Bankrolling aims to understand peoples’ needs best and develop appropriate communication services to improve peoples’ life and make it simple. All our work is aimed towards meeting our vision. All members of the bankrolling family are highly passionate individuals, fully committed to achieving the vision that we have set ourselves. Our customers’ needs matter most to us- making their life simple and improving it is all we want. To ensure our vision is achieved, we have set ourselves a few values, we want to be: Straight Forward, Reliable, Innovative, Passionate. All the bankrolling family members have one thing in common- a passion to serve. We want to go that extra mile, so that you can have the best possible service. Limiting in the future of Bangladesh. 2. 3 Market invention Market invention of GAP: According to Gramophone, it has so far invested more than BAT 10,700 core (USED 1. 6 billion) to build the network infrastructure since 1997. It has invested over BAT 3,100 core (USED 450 million) during the first three quarters of 2007 while BAT 2,100 core (USED 310 million) was invested in 2006 alone. Gramophone has built the largest cellular network in the country with over 10,000 base stations in more than 5700 locations. Presently, nearly 98 percent of the country’s population is within the coverage area of the Gramophone network. The entire Gramophone network is also EDGE/GAPS enabled, allowing access to dial-up quality speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. There are currently nearly 3 million EDGE/GAPS users in the Gramophone network. Market invention of bal: Bankrolling offers a wide range of products and services to suit the needs of the dedicated enterprise relationship manager who provides them with personalized customer care round the clock. Other benefits of enterprise include customized packages with attractive call charges and connection price, enterprise SMS broadcast, enterprise short code, international roaming, missed call alerts, free voice mail retrieval, fax and data service, call conferencing, special offer for family members and many more. It was first launched in December, 2006. The current packages are: * enterprise corporate; targeted at the corporate segment * enterprise SEEM; targeted at the SEEM segment * enterprise personal Prior to the launch of Bankrolling enterprise, Bankrolling served the business clientele through a similar platform named Bankrolling professional. 2. 4: Products Description: Gramophone was the first operator to introduce the pre-paid mobile phone service in Bangladesh in September 1999. It offers the pre-paid subscription under the name Easy Prepaid which is currently called â€Å"shoji ,Bond ,Upon, smile, sponsor, Business Solution prepaid†. Besides shoji, Bond, Upon, smile, sponsor, Business Solution, Gramophone also offers a youth based mobile to mobile connectivity within Bangladesh named deduce. Gramophone also offers postpaid mobile service. Explore Postpaid is the name of its post paid service. Internet: Gramophone provides internet service in its coverage area. As it has EDGE/GAPS enabled network, any subscriber can access to internet through this network. Gramophone was the first mobile operator in Bangladesh to offer EDGE services to its subscribers. Bill Pay: A service to enable users to pay their utility bills Electricity/Gas through mobile. Cell Bazaar : Services to enable users sell or buy products through mobile or internet. Various other services like Stock Information, Instant Messaging, SMS Based Alerts/ Services, Voice-based Services, Downloads, Music, Cricket Updates, Web SMS, Mobile Backup etc. Bankrolling currently offers two prepaid plans. All the prepaid plans come in two phases-?Standard and MM. All connections provide GAPS to subscribers. Des, with the slogan Eek Des Eek Rate! (means one country one rate! ), is one of the cheapest prepaid plans in the country by tariff. Users of Des can call any mobile operator at 0. Take during 12 AM to 5 PM. It also has three Fan numbers. Des was launched on September 14, 2006. Des rang is launched as a brand extension to enrich the brand of Des. Rang is a Bengali word which means color. It is introduced with the catch phrase-?Ranging Din Pan Jawbone (misdemeanors your life. ). This package is beneficial for customers who mainly make calls to their own network and are hea vy SMS users. It offers four on-net Fan numbers, but no off-net Fan number. Regular prepaid was the first package Bankrolling had to offer. It is currently unavailable in the market. Ladies, first! Tit the slogan Shampooer Network (means network of relationships), was tailored for women. It was launched on September 3, 2005. It had introduced 1 second pulse for the first time in the prepaid market. It offered four Fan numbers. It is currently unavailable in the market. Be linked! Was launched on November 16, 2005. It was later taken over by Des package as all thebe linked! Customers were automatically migrated to Des. Currently there are three postpaid plans from which is a subset of much larger Bankrolling enterprise. All packages come with TT local, NOD KIDS and e-KIDS connectivity. Part: 3 Research Methodologies . 1 Review of literature * To demonstrate a familiarly with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. * To know the path of prior research and how a current research project link to it. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. * To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. * Identification of variables. * Helps in developing theoretical framework. 3. 2 Determining Variables Simply defined, variable is a concept that varies. The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different object or persons. There are two types of concepts. These are: Concept refers to a fixed phenomenon * Concepts that those varies in quantity, Intensity or amount The 2nd type of concept and measure of concept are variable. Because variable represents a quality that can exhibit difference in value, usually magnitude or strength, it may be said that a variable generally is anything that may assume different numerical or categorical values. For example: * Gender(male, female) * Marital status (Married, Unmarried ,widowed ,Divorced) * Family income * Attitude toward women empowerment(highly favorable-highly unfavorable) There are several types of Variables. There are: Dependent Variable * Independent Variable * Continuous Variable * Discontinuous Variable * Moderating Variable * Intervening Variables * Extraneous Variables * Relationship Among Variables 3. 3 Constructing theoretical framework The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based. It I logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations among the variable deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, Observation and literature survey. Experience and intuition also guide in developing the theoretical framework. The components of the theoretical framework: 1 . The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions 2. The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another This should be dome for the important direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the finding s of previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative. 4. There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. How to cite A Term Paper on an Analysis on the Comparison, Essays